汉语拼音中,a、o、e、ê、i、u、ü、-i(前i)、-i(后i)、er这10个是元音。有22个辅音,它们是:b、p、m、f、z、c、s、d、t、n、1、zh、ch、sh、r、j、q、x、g、k、h、ng。 元音,又称母音,是音素的一种,与辅音相对。元音是在发音过程中由气流通过口腔而不受阻碍发出的音。发元音时,气流从肺部通过声门冲击声带,使声带发出均匀震动,然后震音气流不受阻碍地通过口腔,通过舌、唇的调节而发出不同的声音。发元音时声带必然震动,这叫做浊元音。也有的语言发元音时声带不振动,发出清元音(voiceless vowel)。 气流在口腔或咽头受到阻碍而形成的音叫做辅音,又叫子音。发音时气流受到发音器官的各种阻碍,声带不一定振动,不够清晰响亮的音素叫辅音。气流从肺里出来不一定振动声带,通过口腔时受到一定的阻碍,这种主要依靠阻碍发出的音叫辅音。
元音和辅音
中音素分为元音音素和辅音音素两大类。其中元音音素20个,辅音音素24个。
元音:发音时声带振动,呼出的气流通过口腔时不受阻碍,这样形成的语音称作元音。元音发音响亮,口腔中气流不受阻碍,是构成音节的主要音。英语中有20个元音。
辅音:不论声带振动与否,发声时呼出的气流通过口腔或鼻腔时受到一定阻碍,这样的语音称为辅音。辅音发音不响亮,口腔中气流受到阻碍,不是构成音节的主要音。英语中有24个辅音。(有的书将[ts]、[dz]、[tr]、[dr] 也归为辅音,即有28个辅音,共48个音素。)
1. 元音:
1) [I:] sea, he, see, piece, ceiling
2) [I] sit, build, miss, myth
3) [e] bed, desk, head,
4) [A] bad, land, bank, stamp
5) [B:] car, fast, class, plant, calm, aunt
6) [C] hot, want
7) [C:] door, more, sport, ball, warm, author, court, bought, caught
8) [U:] good, who, blue, soup,
9) [U] look, put, women, could
10) [Q] cup, come, blood, rough
11) [[:] girl, work, serve, nurse
12) [[] cadre, ago, forget, polite, dollar, doctor, famous, Saturday
13) [ei] cake, they, play, eight, great,
14) [ai] bike, die, neither, light, try, find, height, eye
15) [Ci] boy, oil
16) [[U] phone, cold, boat, soul, grow
17) [aU] house, town
18) [i[] dear, idea, deer, here, fierce,
19) [Z[] pear, care, there, fair
20) [u[] tour, poor
2. 辅音
1) [p] pen,
2) [b] bed, comb
3) [t] tell,
4) [d ] day, played, wanted
5) [k] cold, sky, quick, school, back, accept, box
6) [g] big, go, guess, language
7) [m] man
8) [n] nine, knife, autumn
9) [N] bank, uncle, English, sing,
10) [ l ] land, world
11) [r] read, write,
12) [f] five, cough, laugh
13) [v] voice, of
14) [W] think,
15) [T] this, bathe
16) [s] sit, miss, science, case, scarf
17) [z] zoo, close
18) [F] sure, she, social, nation
19) [V] pleasure
20) [h] hot, who, hour
21) [w] wall, what, answer
22) [j] yes
23) [tF] child, teach, catch
24) [dV] joke, bridge
25) [ts] boats
26) [dz] goods
27) [tr] tree
28) [dr] dream